Clinical diagnosis and mutation analysis of a Chinese boy with Phelan-McDermid syndrome / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To explore the clinical features and genetic diagnosis analysis of a Chinese boy with unexplained overgrowth and developmental delay.Methods The clinical symptoms of the boy were described,and performed routine G-banding was performed to analyze the karyotype of the patient,and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) was used to detect the copy number variation (CNVs) in the 22q13 region,and array-comparative genomic hybridization(array CGH) was used to detect all chromosome abnormally,then fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) confirmed the result.Results 1.The boy was 1.5 years old and complained about accelerated growth,global developmental delay,severely delayed speech ability and peculiar facial features.2.Routine karyotype analysis showed a karyotype of 46,XY.MLPA found terminal deletion with breakpoints within the SHANK3 gene and ACR gene,RABL2B gene,and array CGH finely mapped the deletion on 22q13,furthermore FISH confirmed the micro deletion.Conclusions Combining the clinical manifestations and effective examination of 22q13 deletion,the boy got a reliable diagnosis of Phelan-McDermid syndrome;as array CGH can be useful to screen CNVs of all chromosome,so MLPA should be applied to some special CNVs.

Copy-number variations of SHANK3 and related clinical phenotypes in children with autism / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore possible relationship between copy-number variations (CNVs) in 15q11-13, 16p11 and SHANK3 gene by using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and the phenotypes in children with autism and to further explore the clinical application of MLPA to make an etiological diagnosis of Autism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The diagnosed of autism was made according to the criteria of the ICD-10 and DSM-IV, with typical cluster of symptoms comprise social disability, communication impairments and repetitious behaviors. MLPA KIT P343-C1 AUTISM-1 was used to detect and describe the incidence of CNVs in these three domains.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among 109 cases collected from 102 autistic pedigrees, 2 individuals had SHANK3 microdeletion, accounting for approximately 2% (2/109) of cases, suggesting the proportion of SHANK3 microdeletion might contribute to typical autism. The phenotypic traits of patients with SHANK3 microdeletions showed homogenicity in severe core symptoms and mental retardation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>SHANK3 microdeletion is an important genetics component for autism, which may explain 2% typical autism cases. SHANK3 microdeletion might explain autistic core symptoms and mental retardation. MLPA is a sensitive and a high throughput technique to detect CNVs in specific DNA segments, which is beneficial for further investigation of etiology of autism.</p>

Protective effect of total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides on dextran sulfate sodium-induced chronic colitis / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides (TASA) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Chronic experimental colitis was induced by administration of 4 cycles of 4% DSS. Fifty mice were randomly distributed into 4 groups (normal, DSS, DSS/high-dose TASA, and DSS/low-dose TASA groups) by a random number table with body weight stratification. Mice in the normal group (n=11) and DSS-induced colitis control group (n=15) received control treatment of 20 mL/kg distilled water; DSS plus TASA high- and low-dose groups (n=12 each) were treated with TASA solution (20 mL/kg) at the doses of 60 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg, respectively. The severity of colitis was assessed on the basis of clinical signs, colon length, and histology scores. Moreover, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and haptoglobin (HP) were analyzed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and macrophage-migration inhibitory factor (MIF) gene expressions were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase realtime polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using SYBA green I; and nuclear factor κ B (NF-κ B) expression and activation and p65 interaction with the promoter of ICAM-1 gene were assessed by Western blotting and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>TASA administration significantly attenuated the damage and substantially reduced HP elevation and maintained the level of cecum sIgA. TASA inhibited the ICAM-1 gene expression and had no effect on MIF gene expression. Also, TASA was able to reduce phospho-I κ B α (p-I κ B α) protein expression; however, it had no effect on the activation of I κ B kinase α (IKK α) and inhibitor of NF-κ B α (I κ B α). Moreover, TASA inhibited the p65 recruitment to the ICAM-1 gene promoter.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>TASA had a protective effect on DSS-induced colitis. Such effect may be associated with its inhibition of NF-κ B activation and blockade of NF-κ B-regulated transcription activation of proinflammatory mediator gene.</p>

Effect of Oviductus Ranae on Cyclin D1, CDK6 and P15 expressions in the liver tissue of aged male rats / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of Oviductus Ranae (OR) on the expressions of CyclinD1, CDK6 and P15 in the liver of aged male rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eighteen male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 equal groups, namely the OR group, VE group and ageing model group. The rats received subcutaneous injection of D-galactose for 6 weeks to establish the aging models, and another 6 rats were injected daily with normal saline (NS) to serve as the normal control group. From the third week of the experiment, the rats were given oral OR or Vitamin E (VE) accordingly till the sixth week. After completion of the drug administration, all the rats were sacrificed for detecting the expressions of CyclinD1, CDK6 and P15 in the liver tissue by Western blotting.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The relative expression levels of CyclinD1, CDK6 and P15 in the liver of the rats in the OR group were 41.73-/+0.54, 23.29-/+0.30 and 1.49-/+0.30, respectively, significantly up-regulated as compared with those in the ageing model group (P<0.01). The expressions of the proteins were obviously down-regulated in the model group in comparison with those in the normal control group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>OR treatment can lower the expressions of Cyclin D1 and CDK6 in the liver to enhance the liver cell proliferation in aged male rats. OR also promotes the expression of P15 through a feedback mechanism to prevent excessive proliferation of the cells. The effect of OR against ageing is mediated possibly by up-regulation of the proteins associated with the cell proliferation in the liver, a mechanism different from that of VE.</p>

Effects of the mixture of Rhizoma Curcumae and Oviducts Ranae on estrogen and its receptor expressions in ovariectomized rats / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of the mixture of Rhizoma Curcumae (YFN) and Oviducts Ranae on serum estrogen and spleen estrogen receptor expressions and its effect on reproductive endocrine-immune network in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Female SD rat models of climacteric syndrome (CS) were established by ovariectomy. After administration of YFN in the rats for 12 consecutive weeks, the serum estrogen levels (E2, FSH, LH, T, and P) and interleukin-2 were determined using radioimmunoassay, and the expression levels of estrogen receptor in the spleen were detected with immunofluorescence assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The serum E2, T, P, and interleukin-2 levels (P<0.01) and spleen estrogen receptor expression (P<0.05) were significantly increased after high-dose YFN administration in the OVX rats as compared with the levels in the untreated OVX rats. YFN also resulted in lowered serum FSH and LH levels, but the changes were not statistically significant.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>YFN can increase the serum estrogen levels and estrogen receptor expression in the spleen of OVX rats, suggesting its clinical potential for relieving CS.</p>

Contents of flavonoids in the extract of Lespedeza virgata / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the contents of the flavonoids in the extract of Lespedeza virgate.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The constituents in the ethanol extraction of the aerial parts of Lespedeza virgate were isolated and purified using column chromatography, and the isolated compounds were identified according to their physicochemical and spectral data.</p><p><b>RESULTS AND CONCLUSION</b>Eight flavonoids were isolated and identified as tricin (I), kaempferol (II), apigenin (III), kaempferitrin (IV), morin (V), luteolin (VI), quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside (VII), chrysoeriol-7-rutinoside (VIII). The compounds I, II, III, V and VI were isolated for the first time from the plant, and the compound VIII was isolated from this genus for the first time.</p>

Effect of pectins of different degree of esterification on in-vitro sophoridine release of hydrophilic matrix tablets containing total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To prepare colon-targetting tablets of total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides and evaluate the effect of pectins of different degree of esterification (DE) on sophoridine release profiles in-vitro.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Wet granulation technique was employed to prepare petin-based matrix tablets, then tablets were coated the optimal formulation with Kollicoat MAE 30 DP based on the optimal formulation and analysed their release.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Coated formulation E could target total alkaloids of S. alopecuroides to colon and various DE of pectin exerted different effects on sophoridine release. The release of low DE pectin-based matrix tablets coating with Kollicoat MAE 30 DP approximatedly fitted zere-order eqution, which was erosion depended.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Low DE pectin-based matrix tablet coating with Kollicoat MAE 30 DP can deliver sophoridine to colon, hence improve the effectiveness of sophoridine.</p>

Matrine-induced apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma SW620 cells / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of matrine on the cell cycle and apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma SW620 cells and explore the possible mechanisms.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The effect of matrine on cell proliferation was assessed using MTT assay, and the cell cycle arrest induced by matrine was determined by flow cytometry. The changes of cell morphology were observed through optical microscope, fluorescence microscope and electron microscope, and the cell apoptosis was detected using Annexin V-FITC apoptosis assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Matrine inhibited the proliferation of SW620 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Compared with the control group, the matrine-treated cells showed increased cell percentage arrested in G 0/G1 phase with decreased S-phase cells. Morphologically, the SW620 cells treated with matrine exhibited cell shrinkage, cell size reduction, plasma condensation, cytoplasmic vacuolar changes, and formation of apoptotic body with also the presence of the signet-ring cells, all typical of apoptotic cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Matrine exposure of SW620 cells inhibits the cell proliferation, causes cell cycle arrest at G 0/G1 phase, and induces apoptosis in a dose- and time- dependent manner.</p>

Protective effect of Oviductus Ranae capsules on the reproductive organs of aged mice / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the protective effect of Oviductus Ranae (OR) capsules on the reproductive organs in an aged mouse model established by D-galactose injection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-eight female Kunming mice were randomly divided into 4 equal groups, namely the high- and low-dose OR groups, diethylstilbestrol (DT) group, and model group. The mice received subcutaneous injection of D-galactose for 6 weeks to establish aging models. Another 12 mice were injected daily with normal saline (NS) to serve as the normal control group. From the third week of the experiment, the mice were given oral OR at low or high doses (in the OR groups) or vegetable oil (in the model or control groups) till the sixth week. In the last two weeks, the vaginal smears were obtained from the mice for evaluating the changes of the vaginal keratinocytes and counting the days of estrus. After completion of drug administration, all the mice were sacrificed and the serum content of estradiol (E(2)) was detected by radioimmunoassay, with the ovarian and uterine indices determined. The ovarian and uterine pathologies were observed using HE staining, and SOD and MDA activities in the ovary and uterus were also assessed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>OR obviously increased E(2) level and the ovarian and uterine indices in the aged mice, also alleviating the pathological change of the ovary and uterus. OR substantially depressed MDA content and enhanced SOD activity in the ovary and uterus.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>OR has definite antioxidative effects and ameliorates the degenerative changes of the reproductive organs in mouse models of aging.</p>

Chemical constituents from Lespedeza virgata / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the chemical constituents of Lespedeza virgata.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The constituents were isolated by column chromatography and their structures were elucidated by chemical properties and spectroscopic evideuce.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Seven components were isolated and identified as quercetin 3-O-[2"-O-( E'-6"-O-feruloyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-beta-D-galact opyranoside (1), kaempferol-7-O-L-rhamnopyranoside (2), 7-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyransyl-kaempeferol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), quercetine (4), E-beta-hydroxycinnamic acid (5), protocatechuic acid (6), p-hydroxybenzoic (7).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Seven components are isolated from L. virgata for the first time.</p>

Effects of Yifuning soft gelatin capsules on pathology and biomechanical indexes of ovariectomied rats / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of Yifuning soft gelatin capsules (YFN) on pathology and biomechanical indexes of ovariectomied female rats.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Sixty female Sprague-Dawley rats without pregnancy and delivery were used,50 of them were ovariectomized and randomly divided into 5 groups: ovariectomy(OVX), OVX with diethylstilbestrol tables (DT), OVX with YFN (high dose,middle dose and low dose), the others were sham-operated group. The rats began to take the rats drugs in the fifth week after the operation. After 12 weeks of treat ment the rats were killed, and the bones were collected to inspect. The pathology of bone was observed with the HE stain and the area of trabecular was detected. The electronic testing device was used to detect the biomechanical properties.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The results indicated that the rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) was a success. Compared with the model group, after application of the drugs, the observation of HE showed different repairing around trabecular. The biomechanical parameters also increased significantly.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>YFN can effectively prevent the loss of bone in OVX rats and strengthen bone quality, and has a good effect on PMO oostmenopausal osteoporosis.</p>

Effects of total base of Sophora alopecuroides on expression of SOD, MDA, NO, MPO in rats with experimental colitis / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of total base of Sophora alopecuroides on expression of SOD, MDA, NO, MPO in rats with experimental colitis (UC).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>SD rats were randomized into 6 groups and colitis was induced by administrating 2,4,6-trinitrobenzesulphonic acid (TNB) recatlly in rats. Rats were given drug by stomach after the first day for 3 weeks, and sacrificed at 23rd day to determine the content of MDA and activities of SOD, NO, MPO in colonic mucosa, and to estimate the symptom and colonic histology.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>In UC rats, SOD was significantly decreased whereas MDA, NO, MPO were increased when compared with the normal group (P < 0.05). In all treatment groups, Sophora alopecuroides could increase SOD, decrease MDA, NO, MPO (P < 0.05), and improve the symptoms and histological damages.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The total dose of S. alopecuroides may ameliorates or alleviate the symptoms of UC through inhibiting oxygen free radical reaction, decreasing the generation of NO and exerting anti-inflammatory effects.</p>

Effects of Yifuning capsule on blood lipids of ovariectomized hyperlipidemia rats / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effects of Yifuning (YEN) capsule on blood lipids of ovariectomized hyperlipidemia rats.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Fifty-six female mature Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into 7 groups: normal control group, model control group, diethylstilbestrol tablets (DT) group, Xuezhikang group, YFN high, middle and low dose groups. The ovariectomized rats were fed on high fat diet and administrated with the drugs for 3 weeks, then were killed and estimated body weight, liver index and five items of blood lipid (TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL) by test kit. Enzyme (such as HP, LDL, and whole lipase) was detected too.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The weight and liver index of model control group increased obviously as compared with normal group. YFN could reduce TG, TC, and LDL-C (P < 0.05) of ovariectomized hyperlipidemia rats obviously and increase HP, LDL and whole lipase (P < 0.05) on the other hand.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>YFN can ameliorate blood lipids of ovariectomized hyperlipidemia rats.</p>

Experimental study on treatment of minimal change nephropathy with Lespedeza michx / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the therapeutic effect of Lespedeza Michx in experimental rat model of minimal change nephropathy (MCN).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The rat MCN model was reproduced by tail-intravenous injection of Adriamycin. The treatment effect of Lespedeza Michx was determined by the detection of urine protein collection for 24 hours, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ATCO, IL-8, TNF-alpha in serum, and renal histopathological changes were observed by microscope.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Lespedeza Michx could decrease the contents of urine proteinuria, MDA, IL-8, and TNF-alpha in serum, increase SOD level and improved the pathological change of glomeruli.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Lespedeza Michx was effective on MCN.</p>

Effect of the Yifuning soft gelatin capsules on estrogen receptor and nitric oxide levels in ovariectomized rats / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of the Yifuning soft gelatin capsules(YFN)on estrogen receptor (ER) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in ovariectomized rats.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Fifty female mature sprague-dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: normal control; model control; diethylstilbestrol tablets (DT); YFN (high dose and low dose). After 4 weeks' treatment, the serum E2 levels were detected by radioimmunoassay. The estrogen receptor (ER) levels of uterus and artery were detected with method of radioligand binding assay of receptor (RBAR). The uterus pathologic changes were investigated with light microscope. NO and NOS levels of the artery and the uterus index were detected too.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>YFN can obviously improve serum E2, increase index and ER of uterus (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), and ameliorate the uterus' pathologic changes in OVX rats. It also can increase the artery' ER, NO and NOS levels.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>YFN can cure the climacteric syndrome and prevent the cardiovascular disease after post-menopause.</p>

Laboratory study of effects of yifuning soft capsules on postmenopausal osteoporosis / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of Yifuning soft capsules on postmenopausal osteoporosis in ovariectomized female rats.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>60 female sprague-dawley rats in 3-month were used, 50 of them were ovariectomized and randomly divided into 5 groups: ovariectomy (OVX), OVX with diethylstilbestrol tables (DT), OVX with YFN (high dose, middle dose and low dose), the others were sham-operated group. Began to give the rats drugs in the fifth week after the operation. After 12 weeks killed the rats. The blood,the uterus and bones were collected to inspect. The content of estrogen (E2) in serum was detected by radioimmunoassay method. The contents of Ca, P, ALP in serum were detected using the automic biochemistry-analyse device. The uterus were weight and the length, width, dry weight and net weight of the shoulder bone were measured. The contents of Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn in the bone were measured using the automic absorption spectrophotometer. The right femer and the third lumbar vertebra were detected for BMD using the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner and compression test using electronic testing device.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>After using the drugs,the content of E2, Ca in serum, the weight of uterus, the contents of Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn in the bone and the BMD of right femer increased significantly, the content of P, ALP in serum decreased significantly.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Yifuning soft capsules has a good effect on postmenopausal osteoporosis, which provides evidence for clinical use.</p>

Medicinal plant resources of the Chinese endemic genera of seed plants / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To survey medicinal plant resources of the Chinese endemic genera of seed plants.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>On the basis of herbarium, we studied on more than 800 specimens of the medicinal plant from Chinese endemic genera of seed plants and reviewed literature.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>There are 67 genus, 78 species, 3 varitas in medicinal plant from the Chinese endemic genera of seed plants, which belong to 41 family. Their habitat and medicinal value are provided.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Medicinal plant resources of the Chinese endemic genera of seed plants should be actively protected and widely utilized.</p>

The effect of niaoduqing tablet on the diuresis in normal rats and the hemorheology in blood-stasis rats / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effect of the Niaoduqing Tablet(NDT) on the diuresis in normal rats and the hemorheology in rats of blood stasis and compare it with the Niaoduqing Granule(NDG), so as to provide some laboratory data for the clinic application and innovation of the dosage forms.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Diuretic effect of the NDT on experimental rats burthened with 1% Sodium deoxycholate was observed by using the metabolize cage examination. The changes of whole blood and plasma viscosity in the blood-stasis rat-model were measured with Viscometer-R80. Plasma was separated and fibrinogen measured by using the turbidimetric method.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Every dose of NDT had the diuretic effect on experiment rats, but only the big and middle dose increasing the urine quantity in 6 hours had the significance. Each dose could reduce the viscosity of whole blood and the fibrinogen in the blood-stasis rat model, and had the superiority to NDG.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>NDT has the diuretic effect and can ameliorate the hemorheology in the blood-stasis rat model, which may delay the course of the chronic renal failure (CRF).</p>

Laboratory study of the yi-fu-ning soft gelatin capsules in treating climacteric syndrome / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the therapeutic mechanism of YFN on climacteric syndrome by investigating the effect of Yi-Fu-Ning soft gelatin capsules (YFN), which can nourish the kidney and activate blood, on serum sex hormone levels and hypothalamic monoamine transmitters contents in ovariectomized rats.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Fifty female mature Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups:sham operation;ovariectomy(OVX);OVX with diethylstilbestrol tablets(DT);OVX with YFN(high dose and low dose). After drugs had been given for 4 weeks, hypothalamic monoamine transmitters (NE, DA, 5-HT, 5-HIAA) contents were detected by fluorospectrophotometric method and serum sex hormone by radioimmunoassay. Adrenal gland index, uterus index and thymus index were also determined.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>YFN could obviously improve serum E2 and increase adrenal gland and uterus index in OVX rats (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). It could reduce hypothalamic 5-HT and 5-HIAA, which were increased in OVX rats(P < 0.01); It could also increase reduced NE and DA in OVX rats and reduce the ratio of 5-HT to NE and 5-HT to DA(P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>YFN can regulate procreate endocrine in various ways and ameliorate the function of hypothalamic monoamine neurotransmitter in OVX rats. So it can stabilize inner condition of body and relieve symptoms of climacteric syndrome.</p>

Summarization of the clinical and laboratory study on the rhubarb in treating chronic renal failure / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To review the clinical and laboratory study on the rhubarb in the treatment of Chronic Renal Failure (CRF).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Documents of clinical and mechanism study on chinese medicine rhubarb including the simple rhubarb and the rhubarb complex prescription in which rhubarb is the main effective ingredient in recent 10 years were searched and summarized.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Clinical application involving dosage forms, prescriptions, usage and effect of the rhubarb and its prescriptions in the treatment of the CRF and their laboratory study progress wre summarized.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Rhubarb and all kinds of its complex prescriptions have an assured effect on CRF and their mechanism includes many ways such as ameliorating azotemia, preventing nephritic compensatory hypertrophy and high metabolism situation, and so on. So the rhubarb can be used as an ideal medicine in treating CRF in a long period of time and will have a very brilliant prospect.</p>